What is a significant adverse effect of phenytoin?

Phenytoin, an anticonvulsant medication commonly used to control seizures, is associated with several potential adverse effects, one of which is oral gum overgrowth, also known as gingival hyperplasia. This condition occurs as a result of the drug's impact on the soft tissues of the mouth, leading to an overgrowth of the gum tissue that can be both aesthetically concerning and potentially painful.

The mechanism behind this side effect involves the drug's influence on the metabolism of fibroblasts and gum tissue. Over time, patients taking phenytoin may experience significant enlargement of their gums, which can also lead to poor oral hygiene and subsequent dental issues. Regular dental checkups and good oral care practices are typically recommended for patients on phenytoin to help mitigate this risk and manage any gum-related complications.

While weight gain, hearing loss, and vision changes are potential side effects of various medications, they are not specifically linked to phenytoin in the way that oral gum overgrowth is. Therefore, understanding the connection between phenytoin and gingival hyperplasia is critical for healthcare providers and patients alike in the context of managing seizures and anticipating potential side effects.