Which complication is associated with kyphosis?

Dysfunctional breathing is a well-recognized complication associated with kyphosis due to the structural changes it causes in the thoracic region of the spine. Kyphosis, characterized by an excessive outward curvature of the spine, can lead to a reduced lung volume and compromised respiratory mechanics. This is primarily because the abnormal spinal alignment can impede the diaphragm's ability to move effectively, leading to shallow breathing or other respiratory dysfunctions.

As a result, individuals with significant kyphosis may experience difficulty in taking deep breaths, reduced oxygenation, and may rely more on accessory muscles for respiration. This condition highlights the importance of addressing spinal health as it directly impacts respiratory efficiency and overall well-being. Other options, while related to body mechanics and health, do not directly connect to the breathing impact as strongly as dysfunctional breathing does in the context of kyphosis.